[98] In the late 19th century growing divisions between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian Church in 1893. The key highlights include: revised suspension settings; "shark-fin" roof antenna; GTS instrument cluster on GT; carbon-fibre look dash insert and reverse-view camera on GTS; new white and silver exterior paints. ft. French Door Refrigerator - Stainless Steel $2,299.99 New SMAD 1.0 DC 12v /ac Protable Camping Refrigerator RV Fridge Travel Drive Silence [214] The next general election is scheduled for 2 May 2024. [226] The French military sought the assistance of Scotland in 1415 during the Battle of Agincourt which was close to bringing the Kingdom of France to collapse. The head of each council is usually the Lord Provost alongside the Leader of the council,[267] with a Chief Executive being appointed as director of the council area. [357] Use of a blue background for the Saint Andrew's Cross is said to date from at least the 15th century. [131] More powers, particularly in relation to taxation, were devolved to the Scottish Parliament after the referendum, following cross-party talks in the Smith Commission. Since 1689 it has had a Presbyterian system of church government and enjoys independence from the state. Philip Freeman has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an Indo-European root, *skot, citing the parallel in Greek skotos (σκότος), meaning "darkness, gloom". [84], Due to the discontinuation of the Scion marque, in August 2016 the FR-S was re-branded as the Toyota 86 for the 2017 model year and onward.[3][4][85]. 2012 Toyota 86 GTS (Australia, pre-facelift), Scion Carbon Stealth FR-S, Scion FR-S GT, and Scion Minty FReSh, Subaru BRZ Premium Sport Package Concept (2013), Toyota 86 concepts - Tokyo Auto Salon (2013), Toyota Gazoo 86 GRMN Sports FR Concept Platinum (2013), Toyota 86 concepts - Tokyo Auto Salon (2014), "2019 Toyota 86 vs. 2019 Subaru BRZ: Head to Head", "The 86 - Toyota's new rear wheel drive sports car", "More powerful 2017 Toyota 86 takes over for the Scion FR-S", "10 Things that make the Toyota GT86 special", "Tada: How Toyota and Subaru created the GT86", "Toyota FT-86 to feature D-4S Boxer Engine", "How the Scion FR-S Almost Never Happened and Why Subaru Thought it Was a Bad Idea", "Tokyo auto show: Toyota goes sporty with FT-86", "Tokyo Auto Salon 2010: G's Toyota FT-86 G Sports Concept", "Toyota FT-86 G Sports Concept: 2010 Tokyo Auto Salon", "Geneva 2011: Subaru's RWD Sports Car getting 2.0-liter non-turbo engine, confirmed for America", "Scion Introduces FR-S Sports Coupé Concept at 2011 New York Auto Show", "Subaru BRZ Concept STi looks fast, furious", "Tetsuya Tada-San: The man behind the Toyota 86", "Subaru BRZ and Toyota GT 86 production gets underway", "New Subaru BRZ Sales Hit in Japan - First two-month sales figures approximately quadruple initial target", "Subaru BRZ, Scion FR-S lead list of fastest-selling cars", "Preorder Now: Subaru only sending 6,000 BRZ Coupés to U.S. in 2013", "2013 Scion FR-S Brings the Sport Back to the Car", "Were we (and Aisin) wrong about the BRZ / FR-S / GT 86 manual transmission? This rose to 5,295,400, the highest ever, at the 2011 Census. [329], Rock band Simple Minds were the most commercially successful Scottish band of the 1980s, having found success in international markets such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, [330] whilst pop singer Lewis Capaldi was recognised as the best selling artist in the UK in 2019.[331]. [53] Similar to the latter, Toyota also offered in Italy a total of 50 "Limited Edition" models. [319] Scotland had more universities per capita in QS' World University Rankings' top 100 in 2012 than any other nation. [187], In August 2012, the Scottish population reached an all-time high of 5.25 million people. The TRD editions instead have an upgraded braking system comprising upsized TRD two-piece rotors and TRD six-pot 355mm front and four-pot 345mm rear calipers (compared to the GTS' 294mm and 290mm calipers and GT's 277mm and 286mm, respectively). Changes include bonnet, roof, doors, boot lid and rear wings made from lightweight carbon fibre; carbon fibre reinforced plastic bumpers, wider front wings and rear diffuser; windows made from polycarbonate material, TRD driver's bucket seat, gear shift knob, ignition button and oil pressure and water temperature gauges; MOMO steering wheel, Takata seatbelts, a TRD mechanical LSD replacing the standard Torsen limited-slip differential, coil over suspension kit, final gear ratio shortened to 4.8:1, an oil cooler for the engine, a TRD monoblock brake calliper kit with racing spec brake pads and TWS 18-inch wheels with Yokohama Advan tyres. In New Zealand, the TRD 86 is sold with the above features except for Michelin Pilot Sport 3 tyres instead plus upgraded TRD braking system. Competitively priced. It is characterised by a drastically different front end design with revised lights and bumper bar but standard bonnet. [145] Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. [51]:39 David I and his successors centralized royal power[51]:41–42 and united mainland Scotland, capturing regions such as Moray, Galloway, and Caithness, although he did not succeed at extending his power over the Hebrides, which had been ruled by various Scottish clans following the death of Somerled in 1164. The majority of births are to unmarried women (51.3% of births were outside of marriage in 2012[190]). The 2+2 fastback coupé is noted for its naturally-aspirated boxer engine, front-engined, rear-wheel-drive configuration, 53/47 front/rear weight balance and low center of gravity — and for drawing inspiration from Toyota's earlier AE86, a small, light, front-engine/rear-drive Corolla variant widely popular for Showroom Stock, Group A, and Group N, Rally, Club and drift racing. [157] Ryan Tuerck drove a Scion FR-S powered by a stroked 2JZ-GTE producing more than 520 kW (700 bhp) for Retaks Backpacks and Maxxis Tires in the 2013 US Formula Drift championship. [229] Scotland and France do, however, continue to have a special relationship, with a Statement of Intent being signed in 2013 which committed both Scotland and France to building on shared history, friendship, co-operation between governments and cultural exchange programmes. [249] The referendum resulted in a rejection of independence, by 55.3% to 44.7%. Regular ferry services operate between the Scottish mainland and outlying islands. by Patrick. It had a front engine, rear-wheel drive layout and 2+2 seating and was powered by a V6 engine with hybrid electric assistance. [65] After the fall and flight into exile of the Catholic Stuart king, James VII and II the Glorious Revolution in Scotland and the Convention of Estates replaced the House of Stuart in favour of William III and Mary II. [7] Toyota, led by project leader Tetsuya Tada,[8] then invited Subaru to partner in the project, by co-developing the new D-4S boxer engine. Traditionally, the Scottish economy was dominated by heavy industry underpinned by shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and steel industries. Procedure also differs. [110], During the Second World War, Scotland was targeted by Nazi Germany largely due to its factories, shipyards, and coal mines. In 2018, Toyota sold a special edition 86 called Apollo Blue to celebrate that the 86 had passed 20,000 units sold in Australia. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. Service abroad on behalf of the Empire lost its allure to ambitious young people, who left Scotland permanently. [204] The 2016 Act gave the Scottish Government powers to manage the affairs of the Crown Estate in Scotland, leading to the creation of Crown Estate Scotland. Suspension design comprises front MacPherson struts and double wishbones at the rear. In the 1820s, as part of the Romantic revival, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe,[90][91] prompted by the popularity of Macpherson's Ossian cycle[92][93] and then Walter Scott's Waverley novels. The clippers belonging to the Glasgow Tobacco Lords were the fastest ships on the route to Virginia. Tuition is handled by the Student Awards Agency Scotland (SAAS), which does not charge fees to what it defines as "Young Students". Some parts of the network are electrified, but there are no electrified lines in the Highlands, Angus, Aberdeenshire, the cities of Dundee or Aberdeen, or Perth & Kinross, and none of the islands has a rail link (although the railheads at Kyle of Lochalsh and Mallaig principally serve the islands). [125] Tada said, “while we never say never, and I would love this concept to become a production reality, it is very much a concept that demonstrates the passion within Toyota for cars that are fun to drive". They are East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston, and Irvine. It features a unique Apollo Blue body colour, black rear spoiler and mirror caps, and is only available with the optional Dynamic Performance Package. [13], In 2011, Toyota and Subaru unveiled five near-production concept cars to show their progress with the project. [256][255] On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union. [6] The bodywork has a drag coefficient of Cd=0.27. [116] The shipyards and heavy engineering factories in Glasgow and Clydeside played a key part in the war effort, and suffered attacks from the Luftwaffe, enduring great destruction and loss of life. [168] The Central Belt is where most of the main towns and cities are located, including Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth. The first was the Toyota FT-HS, which was presented at the North American International Auto Show in 2007. The earliest extant literature composed in what is now Scotland was in Brythonic speech in the 6th century, but is preserved as part of Welsh literature. [245], In August 2009 the SNP proposed a bill to hold a referendum on independence in November 2010. [107] Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig was Britain's commander on the Western Front. Although the Bruce faction was successful, David II's lack of an heir allowed his half-nephew Robert II, the Lord High Steward of Scotland, to come to the throne and establish the House of Stewart. Chapter 2: Natural Resources", Integrated Upland Management for Wildlife, Field Sports, Agriculture & Public Enjoyment, "Scotland remains home to Britain's tallest tree as Dughall Mor reaches new heights", "Britain's record-breaking trees identified", "Why Scotland has so many mosses and liverworts", "Bryology (mosses, liverworts and hornworts)", "Scotland's Population at its Highest Ever", Census 2011: Detailed characteristics on Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion in Scotland – Release 3A, "A Century on the Census—Gaelic in Twentieth Century Focus". [373], Television in Scotland is largely the same as UK-wide broadcasts, however, the national broadcaster is BBC Scotland, a division of the BBC. [277] The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is responsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scottish Government. A small number of students at certain private, independent schools may follow the English system and study towards GCSEs and A and AS-Levels instead.[316]. [260][261][262] Because constitutional affairs are reserved matters under the Scotland Act, the Scottish Parliament would again have to be granted temporary additional powers under Section 30 in order to hold a legally binding vote. After the execution of the Scottish king at Whitehall in 1649, amid the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and its events in Scotland, Oliver Cromwell, the victorious Lord Protector, imposed the British Isles' first written constitution – the Instrument of Government – on Scotland in 1652 as part of the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Health care in Scotland is mainly provided by NHS Scotland, Scotland's public health care system. Queen's Park F.C., in Glasgow, is probably the oldest association football club in the world outside England. [63]:37–40 In 1641 and again in 1643 the Parliament of Scotland unsuccessfully sought a union with England which was "federative" and not "incorporating", in which Scotland would retain a separate parliament. For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches, there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration. [240], A policy of devolution had been advocated by the three main British political parties with varying enthusiasm during recent history. [165], For 2018 and beyond, the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) created the "Solo Spec Coupe" (SSC) class for autocross competition using the 2013-2016 Subaru BRZ or Scion FR-S competing on Falken Azenis RT615+ tires. It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre. [42]:36–37, In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with much of Scotland under the control of a single ruler and united by the Gaelic language, a modern nation-state first emerged, as did Scottish national consciousness. These were gradually replaced by Justice of the Peace Courts from 2008 to 2010. Four trim levels are offered, with the RC model being the base aimed at people wishing to modify or race their vehicles. His first prose work, Waverley in 1814, is often called the first historical novel. [182] Ulster's Protestant population is mainly of lowland Scottish descent,[183] and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million descendants of the Scots-Irish migration now living in the US. [35], The 86's engine, known by the Toyota code 4U-GSE and Subaru code FA20, is a naturally aspirated engine that uses Subaru's flat-four engine design, with the addition of Toyota's D-4S injection system, which uses Gasoline direct injection (GDI). Indeed, some acts considered crimes in England and Wales, such as forgery, are not so in Scotland. (Scotland) Act 1994", "A General History of Scots Law (20th century)", "The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict", "Scotland's unique 15-strong juries will not be abolished", "Scotshield wins hospital fire system contract", Highlands and Islands Medical Service (HIMS), "Strategic Board of the Scottish Government", https://scottishfinancialreview.com/2020/09/25/edinburgh-4th-in-europe-in-new-financial-centres-index/, "The Scottish economy in ten essential charts", "Scotland's employment rate hits record high", "Scots Cities Slide down Chart of the World's Top Financial Centres", "Export Statistics Scotland – Publication", "New Doubt Cast over Alex Salmond's Claims of Scottish Wealth", "Scottish Goods and Services | Scotland.org | Scotland.org", "The Bank of England's approach to regulating Scottish and Northern Ireland commercial banknotes", "Scottish Banknotes: The Treasury's Symbolic Hostage in the Independence Debate", "A Guide to Education and Training in Scotland – "the broad education long regarded as characteristic of Scotland, "Curriculum for Excellence – Aims, Purposes and Principles", "Welcome to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland", "Scotland tops global university rankings", "A Framework for Higher Education in Scotland: Higher Education Review Phase 2", "Scottish Government – Graduate endowment scrapped", "Scotland 'most highly educated country in Europe, "Tertiary educational attainment, age group 25–64 by sex and NUTS 2 regions", https://www.list.co.uk/article/2658-belle-and-sebastian-revealed-as-best-scottish-band-of-all-time/, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/politics/holyrood-gig-greatest-life-garbage-10978357, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-50927583, "Celtic connections:Scotland's premier winter music festival", "Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient", "Welcome to the Pan Celtic 2010 Home Page", "Feature: Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence", "Explanatory Notes to St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007", "Scottish fact of the week: Scotland's official animal, the Unicorn", "The Auld Alliance and its Influence on Scottish Cuisine", "Traditional Scottish Food - Brief History of Food in Scotland", "Who invented the television? [99] Catholic emancipation in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants, particularly after the famine years of the late 1840s, mainly to the growing lowland centres like Glasgow, led to a transformation in the fortunes of Catholicism. From a geological perspective, the country has three main sub-divisions. [252][253] An all-party commission chaired by Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin was formed,[253] which led to a further devolution of powers through the Scotland Act 2016. [211] Nicola Sturgeon, the leader of the SNP, has been the first minister since November 2014. Flo by Moen is installed in-line before it branches off to your home's various water sources and has three sensors that actively monitor water flow, pressure, and temperature. [153][154][155] Various animals have been re-introduced, including the white-tailed sea eagle in 1975, the red kite in the 1980s,[156][157] and there have been experimental projects involving the beaver and wild boar. British Airways, easyJet, flybe, Jet2, and Ryanair operate the majority of flights between Scotland and other major UK and European airports. [372] Scotland is represented at the Celtic Media Festival, which showcases film and television from the Celtic countries. The engine is a stock Toyota GT86 engine. [300], The value of the Scottish banknotes in circulation in 2013 was £3.8 billion, underwritten by the Bank of England using funds deposited by each clearing bank, under the Banking Act 2009, in order to cover the total value of such notes in circulation. [44]:38, The first written reference to Scotland was in 320 BC by Greek sailor Pytheas, who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of the Orkney islands. Even so, Subaru also stated that a turbocharger will not find its way into the BRZ production. [50] The range of models and main options had the following retail prices: GT manual A$29,990; GT automatic A$32,490; GTS manual A$35,490; GTS automatic A$37,990; metallic paint A$425 for all models; "Aero pack" bodykit A$3,000 for GTS only. [321][322] Scotland's University Courts are the only bodies in Scotland authorised to award degrees. The vehicle is 227 kg (500 lb) lighter than the stock Toyota GT86. The first, known as the FT-86 II Concept, was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2011. Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23 October 1295, known as the Auld Alliance. The oldest Norse settlements were in northwest Scotland, but they eventually conquered many areas along the coast. A torsen style limited slip differential is standard on most models. Scotland is also a member of the British–Irish Council,[34] sending five members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. In the US, the 86CUP[169] one-chassis time attack series was created in 2013. The 86 "boxer" side badge appears on all Toyota and Scion versions of the car, but not the Subaru BRZ. The Court of Session is housed at Parliament House, in Edinburgh, which was the home of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland with the High Court of Justiciary and the Supreme Court of Appeal currently located at the Lawnmarket. [275] Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal, typically with no possibility of retrial in accordance with the rule of double jeopardy. It includes a 6-speed manual transmission, Roots-type supercharger, exclusive ECU, water-cooled intercooler, exclusive muffler, original aero kit, Satin white pearl 37J body panel, TEAM NETZ original front bumper (made by ABS), TOM'S side step, TOM'S rear under spoiler, TOM'S ADVOX suspension kit with exclusive setting, TOM'S brake pads and brake line, 8.0J INSET44-inch TWS T66F wheel in original gun metal colour and 225/40R18 Michelin Pilot Sport 3 tires. The suspension setup of the Subaru is different from the Toyota. The Ford FE engine is a Ford V8 engine used in vehicles sold in the North American market between 1958 and 1976. In rejecting the last option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament created a commission to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies. J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds. [246][247][248] After the 2011 Scottish Parliament election gave the SNP an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, the 2014 Scottish independence referendum was held on 18 September. [147], Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times. [269] There are seven cities in Scotland: Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Stirling and Perth. [120] Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. [40], The 86's rear-wheel drive configuration and front-mounted flat boxer engine allow a low center of gravity for strong handling characteristics. [355] Following the death of King Alexander III in 1286 an image of Andrew was used on the seal of the Guardians of Scotland who assumed control of the kingdom during the subsequent interregnum. Other changes include extra body reinforcement, a variable-height coil-over spring suspension setup and more rigid suspension bushings. Scotland has five international airports operating scheduled services to Europe, North America and Asia, as well domestic services to England, Northern Ireland and Wales. Thoughtful Scots pondered their declension, as the main social indicators such as poor health, bad housing, and long-term mass unemployment, pointed to terminal social and economic stagnation at best, or even a downward spiral. Nevertheless, the nobles' bankruptcy, along with the threat of an English invasion, played a leading role in convincing the Scots elite to back a union with England. In all cases, the competition FR-S were standard production units modified for racing safety and reliability. The second-generation BRZ made its debut on 18 November 2020. Toyota and Gazoo support private teams in the Super Taikyu Endurance Series and All-Japan Rally Championship. Scotland has over 790 islands divided into four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. [403] In IndyCar, Dario Franchitti has won 4 consecutive IndyCar world championships. [6][173], Scotland has three officially recognised languages: English, Scots, and Scottish Gaelic. The first patrol of a Trident-armed submarine occurred in 1994, although the US base was closed at the end of the Cold War.[308]. Learn more about the features available on the Monochromatic Stainless Steel 33-inch Wide Side-by-Side Refrigerator - 21 cu. I. As of the August 2013 production update (which carried the formal year designation MY14), the automatic GT also gained LSD as standard (but with a price increase of A$300; manual price unchanged in Australia) and the GTS gained the same rear spoiler fitted to the Japanese GTS Limited and the Subaru BRZ (with a price increase of A$500 for both the manual and automatic model in Australia). Aside from badging, the main differences between the 86/GT86 and the BRZ are the front grilles and bumper bars. [243], The Scottish National Party (SNP), which supports Scottish independence, was first elected to form the Scottish Government in 2007. Its starting price is US$31,000 and it features TRD bodykit and quad-tip exhaust system, along with TRD lowered suspension, TRD steering wheel and shift knob and the highest specification (dual A/C, HID headlamps with LED daytime running lamps, push-button start-stop) plus a numbered commemorative plaque near the gearshift lever. ", "General election 2019: Sturgeon says legal indyref2 is a 'hard truth, "Scotland - Office for National Statistics", "Local Government etc. [111] Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country. [117] As transatlantic voyages involved negotiating north-west Britain, Scotland played a key part in the battle of the North Atlantic. [214][215] Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrat parties also represent Scottish constituencies in the House of Commons. [6] Since the enlargement of the European Union more people from Central and Eastern Europe have moved to Scotland, and the 2011 census indicated that 61,000 Poles live there. Although the raiders sought slaves and luxury items, their main motivation was to acquire land. The 86 Racing adds brake and oil cooler modifications, as well as a 4-point racing harness and rollcage. The Toyota 86 MC also competes in the GT300. [51]:48–49 The system of feudalism was consolidated, with both Anglo-Norman incomers and native Gaelic chieftains being granted land in exchange for serving the king. [45], To the Roman historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio, the Scottish Highlands and the area north of the River Forth was called Caledonia. [63] Toyota Indonesia sells the 86 in the TRD package with only an automatic transmission and the non-TRD package with both manual and automatic transmission.[64]. [228] In recent times, there have been arguments that indicate that the Auld Alliance was never formally ended by either Scotland or France, and that many elements of the treaty may remain in place today. MSPs normally serve for a five-year period. Many features within the system have been preserved. A single front-line Royal Air Force base is located in Scotland. As a result of the Cameron–Clegg coalition's Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, the Scottish regiments of the line in the British Army infantry, having previously formed the Scottish Division, were reorganised into the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division in 2017. [42]:34–35 Around the turn of the millennium, there was a centralization in agricultural lands and the first towns began to be established. [368] During the Late Middle Ages and early modern era, French cuisine played a role in Scottish cookery due to cultural exchanges brought about by the "Auld Alliance",[369] especially during the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots. [306] Today, Her Majesty's Naval Base Clyde, 25 miles (40 kilometres) north-west of Glasgow, is the base for the four Trident-armed Vanguard-class ballistic missile submarines that comprise the Britain's nuclear deterrent. The second phase was driven by overpopulation, the Highland Potato Famine and the collapse of industries that had relied on the wartime economy of the Napoleonic Wars. [370], National newspapers such as the Daily Record, The Herald, The Scotsman and The National are all produced in Scotland. [293] It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly. [77] Towards the end of the century Prime Ministers of Scottish descent included William Gladstone,[78] and the Earl of Rosebery. [45] Other ancient authors used the adjective "Caledonian" to pertain to anywhere in northern or inland Britain, often mentioning the region's people and animals, its cold climate, its pearls, and a noteworthy region of wooden hills (Latin: saltus) which the 2nd-century AD Roman philosopher Ptolemy, in his Geography, described as being south-west of the Beauly Firth. It is built by GAZOO Racing and includes a 6-speed manual transmission. After 1945, Scotland's economic situation worsened due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. [37] The Late Latin word Scotia ("land of the Gaels") was initially used to refer to Ireland,[38] and likewise in early Old English Scotland was used for Ireland.